In addition to countless tribal

raids and assaults by petty princes, the region suffered such notable invaders as Pharaoh Ramses II, Alexander the Great, Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, King Richard the Lionheart, the Mongol Kitbuqa, the Ottoman Selim the Grim, Napoleon, General Edmund Allenby, and Gamal Abdel Nasser Jerusalem’s history exemplifies this history of conquest. “No other city has been more bitterly fought over throughout its history,” observes Eric H. Cline of George Washington University. He counts “at least 118 separate conflicts in and for Jerusalem during แทงบอลยูโร